Chapter 13: The Bottle of Wine

(134) How does the initial paragraph frame Bruno's state of mind?
The initial paragraph shows Bruno has pretty much given up on going back to Berlin and he wont be seeing his friends any time soon.
(136) What does the question Bruno asks Maria show about his development?
The question Bruno asked Maria shows Bruno's development about becoming more aware and more curious about whats actually happening where he is and he's curious about the people, he's thinking about things more.
(137) What is important about Maria's reaction to Bruno's question?
Whats important is that she doesn't want to say anything  about him being a Jew because she doesn't want to feel awkward and she doesn't know if shes allowed so she waits for him to make his question more direct.
(138) Why does Bruno want to tell Shmuel about Pavel? What does this highlight about Bruno's understanding of what is going on?
Bruno wants to tell Shmuel about Pavel because he wants him to know hes a nice man etc also because Maria had just told a secret about him to Bruno. This highlights that Bruno doesn't know whats going on because he thinks there's only a few people over there and every knows everyone and talks to them all - which is untrue.(140) What do the boys argue about? Who does Bruno defend? Who is right/wrong? Why?
The boys argue that there are/aren't and good soldiers. Bruno defends his father by repeating "except my Father". In this argument I think that they're both ride because from Bruno's perspective, he is right and same for Shmuel. Shmuel is on the bad end so of course he's going to think they're all bad. 
(140) Shmuel says 'You don't know what it's like here.' and Bruno reacts by saying 'You don't have any sisters, do you?' He says this to avoid an answer to Shmuel. What does this show about Bruno's understanding of what is happening?
This shows that Bruno still doesn't understand whats happening because he doesn't take those words in and just changes the subject because he thinks Shmuel is just saying that.
(141) What connection do the boys have regarding Lt. Kotler?
The connection the boys have with Lt. Kotler are that they both dislike him.
(142) What has changed in the the way Bruno sees Pavel?
What's changed in the way that Bruno sees Pavel is that he has sympathy for him, and he notices him and can see that he's not happy and actually sees him as a person, unlike Kotler and Father who just think of him as a slave.
(143) What important words are used to describe the way the father eats and addresses Bruno? What makes them important? How do they relate to the scene and the father as a character?
"attacking a leg of lamb" - a vicious motion
"no son of mine" - not giving him respect and using his name
What makes these important is that is gives us more detail about the scene ad ads just that bit more of drama into the scene and suspense. These relate to Father as a character because it continues his mean look and personality and also his to the point nature.
(145) We learn Lt. Kotler's first name - 'Kurt'. What is it about the sounds in his full name that are important? 'Kurt Kotler'
Alliteration is used to make him stand out a bit more and seem even more important. 
(146-7) What do we learn about Kotler's father? What is Bruno's father's reaction/suggestion regarding Kotler's father leaving Germany for Switzerland?
We learn that Kotlers father left Germany at the start of the War and he doesn't talk to Lt. Kotler anymore. Bruno's father reacts in a serious and curious manner regarding why he would leave the "fatherland" in its time of need. He suggests that Kotler's father might have been anti Germany or a Jew. 
(148) What happens to break the tension at the dinner table? What does Kotler do and what are everyone's reactions? What does Bruno decide regarding disagreeing with anyone anymore after seeing what happens to Kotler? What does this relate to historically in regards to the Nazis?
Gretel says she wants to visit Switzerland then Pavel goes to fill up the wine glasses and spills it on Kotler's lap. Kotler yells at Pavel and we assume he kills him or hurts him very badly. Everyone just sits there and doesn't do anything because they are scared. He decided not to disagree with anyone if that's what happens at Out With. This relates to people not speaking up for whats wrong and just staying quiet because "its better off them than me".